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Shakespeare, William
- Selected Poems of Shakespeare. Univ. of Toronto
- Midsummer Night's Dream - Annotated HTML.
- Henry VI. 1589-1591.
(1589-1591) Parts I, II, III. History play concerned with Henry VI's reign as King of England during the Hundred Years War with France, particularly as it relates to Joan of Arc. Based mainly on Holinshed's Chronicles. Follows Henry IV and Henry V, but written before those plays.
- King John. 1591-1596.
King John ascends the throne of England despite not having true right to it. The true heir is Arthur of Bretagne, the 14-year-old son of John's older brother, but he is denied by King John. Constance of Bretagne, mother of Arthur, decides to gather forces from France and Austria to overthrow John and return the kingdom to her son. Learning of the threat, John goes to battle with both countries. He wins on the battlefield, but makes a political mistake by ordering Arthur restrained and tortured. This costs him the support of his allies. Distraught, he is made to relinquish the throne to Prince Henry, as ordered by the Roman Church Archbishop. (Synopsis by Carilla Clements.)
- Richard III. 1592-1593.
(1592-1593) Part history play, part revenge tragedy about Richard III's malevolent reign. One of Shakespeare's most popular plays, not the least because the main character is a pure villain. Though based on Holinshed's Chronicles, the play is not considered historically accurate. The title role has attracted many great actors, including Richard Burbage in the first production, David Garrick, Edmund Kean, Henry Irving and Laurence Olivier, who made an excellent film version.
- Titus Andronicus. 1593-1594.
(1593-1594) Revenge tragedy set in Ancient Rome. As was typical of revenge tragedies, it contains many gruesome moments, including two murder victims used as ingredients in a pie, which actually may have been lifted from a play by Seneca. Text: The Tech.
- Taming of the Shrew. 1593-1594.
- Two Gentlemen of Verona. 1594.
- Comedy of Errors, The. 1594.
- Love's Labours Lost. 1594-1595.
Early romantic comedy. Synopsis: The King of Navarre has taken a solemn vow to fast, study and keep from seeking women's pleasure for three years. Three of his lords also asked to take this vow, insist this would be an impossible task. The Princess of France visits the king for reasons of business but the king finds a way to break his vow by wooing the girl yet not lose his honor with his court. The rest of the court also finds the same way to break their vows. Soon a chaotic sequence of events ensues from this creative trickery. The maids learn of the vow and decide to turn the table by deceiving the men. When all is understood at the end, the men must vow to do honest work for a time to win the hearts of their ladies. (Synopsis by Carilla Clements.)
- Midsummer Night's Dream, A. 1595-1596.
- Richard II. 1595.
- Romeo and Juliet. 1595-1596.
- Merchant of Venice, The. 1596-1597.
- Henry IV, Part One. 1596-1597.
- Merry Wives of Windsor, The. 1597-1598.
- Much Ado About Nothing. 1598-1599.
- Henry IV, Part Two. 1598.
- Henry V. 1599.
- Julius Caesar. 1599.
- As You Like It. 1599.
- Hamlet. 1601-1602.
This most famous of Shakespeare's plays tells the story of Hamlet, Prince of Medieval Denmark, who is very angry about the untimely death of his father, the King, as well as with the marriage of his mother and uncle. He feels this marriage is too close to the death of his father and after a prophetic apparition of his father's ghost, he learns his father was murdered by his new stepfather. He becomes obsessed with the murder of his father, contemplating whether he should "bear the outrageous slings of fortune," commit suicide or take action to avenge his father's death. He decides to trick his stepfather into admitting he is the murderer. However, the web of deception by all parties results in the death of Hamlet's love, Ophelia, and his mother. Hamlet kills his stepfather, dying himself in the end. (Synopsis by Carilla Clements.) Note the similarities to the story of Orestes.
- Twelfth Night. 1601-1602.
- Troilus and Cressida. 1601-1602.
- All's Well That Ends Well. 1602-3.
Shakespearean comedy from his "problem play" period. Plot: Middle-class girl, Helena, unscrupulously tries to marry Bertram, the aristocrat she loves. Theme is a humanistic one typical of the period: Personal worth is more important than noble lineage. Source: Boccaccio's Decameron. Historic performances: Drury Lane, 1742, with Peg Woffington as Helena.
- Measure for Measure. 1604.
- Othello. 1604.
- King Lear. 1605.
One of Shakespeare's most mature tragedies, written toward the end of his career. It opens with king Lear having gathered his daughters, Gonneril, Reagan and Cordelia, the youngest of the three. He has decided to retire and split his kingdom into three sections. Though he is kind, the king's senility seems to worsen through the play. Cordelia urges him not to make foolish choices knowing the other two daughters are selfish and unloving toward their father. The two evil daughters unsuccessfully plot to take their father's kingdom, but die through their own deceit. Cordelia and Lear die together, suffering broken hearts. (Synopsis by Carilla Clements.) First performed in London in 1606.
- Macbeth. 1606.
- Anthony and Cleopatra. 1606-1607.
This Ancient Rome-set tragedy begins with the eventful death of Julius Caesar. The Roman Empire is divided into two spheres, and Anthony (Mark Antony) is given the Eastern sphere to rule. He finds himself in Alexandria where he falls passionately in love with Cleopatra, an alluring woman with great wealth and a temptress for many powerful men including the late Caesar. Anthony enters into war against his rival Octavius, hoping Cleopatra will support him with her forces, but she deserts him in mid-battle. Informed by a messenger that she is dead, he commits suicide by falling on a sword. She learns of his suicide and chooses to be at his side during his last dying hour. Soon after, she poisons herself and dies together with her lover. They are buried together. (Synopsis by Carilla Clements.)
- Timon of Athens. 1607-1608.
- Pericles, Prince of Tyre. 1607-1608.
- Coriolanus. 1607-1608.
- Cymbeline. 1609.
- Winter's Tale, The. 1611.
- Tempest, The. 1611.
- Henry VIII. 1612-1613.
Shaw, George Bernard
- Richard Himself Again. Insightful review of the play by G.B. Shaw
- Letter to Stella Campbell. Feb. 22, 1913.
Letter to actress reflecting on the funeral of Shaw's mother.
- Widower's Houses. 1892.
Shaw's first play.
- Mrs. Warren's Profession. 1893.
Staged in 1902 and banned until 1925 because it concerned prostitution (Mrs. Warren's profession).
- Arms and the Man. 1894.
- Candida. 1895.
- Devil's Disciple, The. 1897.
- Caesar and Cleopatra. 1898.
- Man and Superman. 1903.
- John Bull's Other Island. 1904.
- Major Barbara. 1905.
- Doctor's Dilemma, The. 1906.
- Misalliance. 1910.
- Androcles and the Lion. 1912.
- Pygmalion. 1913.
- Heartbreak House. 1919.
- Back to Methuselah. 1920.
- Saint Joan. 1923.
- Apple Cart. 1929.
- Millionairess. 1935.
- In Good King Charles's Golden Days. 1939.
Sondheim, Stephen
- Into the Woods. Text: The English Server
Sophocles
- Ajax. 450 BC.
Text at Virginia Tech Univ.
- Antigone. 442 BC.
Synopsis: Antigone and her sister Ismene are isolated by King Creon of Thebes because their brother Polynices waged war against the city. The King's decree is to bury Eteocles, the other brother who fought for the city, as a hero, but to leave the body of Polynices unburied, condemning him to the negative forces of the Gods. Antigone defies that decree by burying Polynices' body anyway. When he learns of his niece's betrayal, Creon imprisons her and decrees she be killed at dawn. Creon's son, Haemon is in love with Antigone and pleads with his father not to kill her. Creon stubbornly denies his son's request, but a prophet shows him the error of his ways. His realization comes too late, however. Antigone takes her life, and Haemon kills himself after learning Antigone's fate. Faced with the loss of his son, Creon goes mad. (Synopsis by Carilla Clements.) First performed in Athens in 442 BC.
- Electra. Text: Virginia Tech Univ.
- Philoctetes. Text: Virginia Tech Univ.
- Oedipus Trilogy. Texts: Virginia Tech Univ., Gutenberg Project, The Wiretap Collection, The English Server
- Trachiniae, The. Text: Virginia Tech Univ.
Spenser, Edmund
- Epithalamion. Text: Virginia Tech Univ.
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